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Populations from both refugia contributed to the colonization of the western part of the range, whereas the eastern part was colonized from the eastern refugium only.. The A clade is further subdivided into two subclades, AI and AII differing by 1.. 0% All three lineages are present in the Carpathian Basin (CB), whereas the rest of the species range, including huge expanses of Eurasian lowlands, are inhabited solely by the AI lineage.

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Its present-day range suggests that glacial refugia of this frog were located outside southern European peninsulas.. To get insight into the putative selective agents along this environmental gradient, we measured relevant abiotic and biotic environmental variables from each breeding pond, and used linear models to test for phenotype-environment correlations.. Two main clades, A and B, differing by c 3 6% sequence divergence were detected.

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Results We found that acid origin populations had higher embryonic and larval acid tolerance (survival and larval period were less negatively affected by low pH), higher larval growth but slower larval development rates, and metamorphosed at a larger size.. The geographical distribution and genealogical relationships between haplotypes from the AI lineage indicate that this group had two glacial refugia, one located in the eastern part of the CB and the other probably in southern Russia.. We infer that AII and B lineages survived several glacial cycles in the CB but did not expand, at least in the present interglacial, to the north.

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